What is the ground-state electron configuration of a neutral Copper (Cu) atom (Z = 29)?

  1. [Ar] 4s² 3d⁹
  2. [Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s¹
  3. [Ar] 3d⁹ 4s²
  4. [Ar] 4s¹ 4p⁶

📝 Batafsil tushuntirish

Copper is an exception to the Aufbau principle. To achieve the stability of a completely filled d-subshell, an electron from the 4s orbital is promoted to the 3d orbital, resulting in the [Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s¹ configuration.
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